Describe and draw a simple labelled diagram of a DNA nucleotide.
Draw and label a simple labelled diagram of a short section of a DNA molecule.
List the three types of RNA [mRNA, tRNA and rRNA]
Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA, including number of polynucleotide chains, sugar type and bases used and overall size.
Compare the structure and function of the three types of RNA.
Draw and/or interpret simple labelled diagrams of DNA and RNA molecules.
DNA replication
Describe how DNA replication takes place, including the role of DNA helicase, DNA polymerase and free DNA nucleotides and complementary base pairing.
Make and/or interpret simple labelled diagrams to explain DNA replication
Define what is meant by semi-conservative replication
State that the outcome of DNA replication is two identical daughter DNA molecules
Explain the importance of proof reading in DNA replication as a means to preserve the genetic information in the DNA molecule.
Protein synthesis
Define the terms codon, triplet, start codon, stop codon, transcription, translation and polypeptide.
State the use of the enzyme RNA polymerase in transcription
State the locations, within the cell, of the processes of transcription and translation
Describe how the information in the template DNA strand codes for a specific polypeptide
Use a translation table to show how information on mRNA can select a specific order of amino acids to make a polypeptide molecule.
Gene mutations
Define, and give examples of , the term gene [point] mutation. This should include deletion, addition and substitution.
Predict the effects of gene mutation on protein synthesis.
*Outline the cause and effect[s] of the gene mutation that causes sickle cell anaemia in humans.
Outline the cause, effect and treatment of one other genetic disease.
Human genome project
State two goals of the human genome project.
Summarise two important findings of the HGP
Outline two possible uses of the knowledge gained from the HGP
Outline two reasons why there is some ethical concern over the use of this knowledge.
Describe technologies used in biotechnology, such as: DNA profiling and electrophoresis, the use of restriction enzymes, and the process of genetic modification
Meiosis
Outline the role of meiosis in the production of haploid [n] gametes from diploid [2n] parent cells.
State the number of daughter cells made as a result of meiosis
Compare the total chromosome number in the parent and in the daughter cells
Draw and label and/or interpret simple diagrams of the stages of meiosis.
Explain the need for haploid gametes in sexual reproduction
Compare the processes of meiosis and mitosis. This should include the number of daughter cells, number of nuclear divisions, final chromosome number in daughter cells and genetic make-up of daughter cells
Define non-disjunction during meiosis
Explain how non disjunction can lead to an individual with Down syndrome.
Define chromosome mutation.
Outline the criteria used to sort chromosomes to make a human karyotype diagram
State the information that can be gained from a karyotype diagram
List two practical uses of the information in a karyotpe.
Construct and/or interpret a simple human karyotype
Mendelian genetics [monohybrid only]
Define the following terms: allele, gene, dominant allele, recessive allele, genotype, phenotype, P1 generation, F1 generation, F2 generation, homozygous and heterozygous, pure breeding, multiple alleles, codominant alleles, test cross, sex linkage.
Select and/or recognise suitable allele symbols for a monohybrid cross, based on the characteristics of the alleles.
Construct and analyse Punnet squares to illustrate probable outcomes of monohybrid crosses. These include simple dominant/recessive alleles, multiple alleles [blood groups], codominance and sex linked alleles.
Calculate genotype and phenotype ratios from such monohybrid crosses.
Explain the use of a test cross to find the genotype of an individual with a dominant phentotype
Construct and/or use simple pedigree diagrams illustrating human inheritance for a single trail.
Deduce the nature of the alleles and/or predict the possible genotype[s] of individuals within a pedigree diagram
Evolution
Define the terms: evolution,genetic variation, population, natural selection, survival of the fittest
Outline how natural selection of the peppered moth caused the relative numbers of each colour morph [white or speckled] to change over time.
Explain what ‘survival of the fittest’ means using a specific example
Give an example of how a specific selection pressure may change over time and predict the consequences for the population.
Outline evidence for evolution; including fossil evidence, and evidence from living organisms, such as: biochemical evidence and homologous structures
List the characteristics of primates.
Outline variation amongst the hominids.
Distinguish between hominids and other primates.
Use data to interpret geological time scale.
Use dating methods to interpret geological timescale.
Review Outline
Nucleic acids
DNA replication
Protein synthesis
Gene mutations
Human genome project
Meiosis
Mendelian genetics [monohybrid only]
Evolution
- Define the terms: evolution, genetic variation, population, natural selection, survival of the fittest
- Outline how natural selection of the peppered moth caused the relative numbers of each colour morph [white or speckled] to change over time.
- Explain what ‘survival of the fittest’ means using a specific example
- Give an example of how a specific selection pressure may change over time and predict the consequences for the population.
- Outline evidence for evolution; including fossil evidence, and evidence from living organisms, such as: biochemical evidence and homologous structures
- List the characteristics of primates.
- Outline variation amongst the hominids.
- Distinguish between hominids and other primates.
- Use data to interpret geological time scale.
- Use dating methods to interpret geological timescale.
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